DOPAMINERGIC MODULATION OF EFFORT-RELATED CHOICE BEHAVIOR AS ASSESSED BY A PROGRESSIVE RATIO CHOW FEEDING CHOICE TASK: PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES AND THE ROLE OF INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES.

Mesolimbic dopamine (DA) is involved in behavioral activation and effort-related processes.Rats with impaired DA transmission reallocate their instrumental behavior away from food-reinforced tasks with high response requirements, and instead select less effortful food-seeking behaviors.In the present study, the effects of several drug treatments we

Abstract Background Consideration of tissue-specific gene expression in reconstruction and analysis of molecular genetic networks is necessary for a proper description of the processes occurring in a specified tissue.Currently, there are a number of prostate-stimulator computer systems that allow the user to reconstruct molecular-genetic networks u

Discord between molecular and morphological datasets was observed in two pairs of species of Australian millipedes in the family Paradoxosomatidae using morphological and molecular phylogenetic analysis (mitochondrial COI rDNA and 16 rRNA, and nuclear 28S rRNA).Close to the presumed distributional boundary between Pogonosternum nigrovirgatum (Carl,

Out-of-sample prediction for the final portion of a sample is a popular tool for model selection in model-based forecasting.We suggest to add a simulation step to this exercise, where pseudo-samples are generated (parametrically bootstrapped), conditional on the observed data and on any of the candidate models, and these pseudo-samples are predicte

AbstractThe family Orchidaceae is renowned for its extensive diversity.Within this family, the genus Goodyera R.Br.is classified under Telephone Handset Lead the subtribe Goodyerinae, comprising approximately 99 species.In this study, a species Goodyera yunnanensis Schltr., its plastid genome was characterized.The plastid genome of G.yunnanensis is